Every guide on Poi Sensei’s Eye Dojo, grouped by topic.

Anatomy & Physiology

Eyelid anatomy: a clinically oriented guide. A line drawing of a sagittal section of the upper eyelid, with the orbital septum highlightedEyelid Anatomy Anatomy of the orbit: bones, fissures and what passes through. A line drawing of the right bony orbit from the front, with the superior orbital fissure highlightedAnatomy of the Orbit Lacrimal drainage system: puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. A line drawing of the right eye with the tear drainage path highlightedAnatomy of the Lacrimal Drainage System The 10 layers of the retina, explained with an OCT diagram. Line drawings of retinal neurons beside the matching OCT bands, with the ellipsoid zone highlightedThe 10 Layers of the Retina Embryology of the eye: which germ layer makes each structure. A line drawing of the optic cup, lens vesicle and surface ectoderm, with neural crest cells around themEmbryological Origins of Eye Structures

Ophthalmic Examinations

How to Read a Humphrey Visual Field: a visual field plot with an upper arcuate defect.How to Read a Humphrey Visual Field Color Vision Tests: Ishihara, D-15 and the AnomaloscopeColor Vision Tests How to read a multifocal ERG (mfERG): read the trace array first, then find the small wavesHow to Read a Multifocal ERG (mfERG) How to Read ICG Angiography: what it adds to FA, from the phase to the pattern. A grayscale indocyanine green angiogram of a right eye shows bright retinal vessels over a mesh of choroidal vessels.How to Read ICG Angiography How to Read a Macular OCT: a normal macular OCT scan through the fovea with a fundus drawing showing the scan line.How to Read a Macular OCT Hess chart interpretation: which muscle is weak, and is it really a palsy? Two Hess charts side by side with a smaller paretic field and an overacting yoke muscleHess Chart Interpretation EOG test: the Arden ratio and what it tells you. The eye and RPE, the dark trough and light peak on the Arden curve, and icons for RPE, DT, LP and the ratioEOG Test VEP test: how to read a visual evoked potential. A checkerboard stimulus, the visual pathway and the N75-P100-N145 waveformVEP Test How to read fluorescein angiography: a pattern-based approach. Three fluorescein angiograms showing hyperfluorescence, hypofluorescence and pattern recognitionHow to Read Fluorescein Angiography CFF test: principles and how to read the result. A flicker stimulus, the critical flicker fusion frequency and a normal-value chart by ageCFF Test How to read and interpret ERG: a practical guide to electroretinography, with the a-wave, b-wave and oscillatory potentials matched to the retinal layersERG in Ophthalmology

Neuro-ophthalmology

Line drawing of both eyes with the right eye turned in, and a yellow target seen doubleThird, Fourth or Sixth Nerve Palsy? How to Work Up Double Vision Convergence and the Near Reflex: a head seen from above with both lines of sight meeting on a targetConvergence and the Near Reflex Ethambutol Optic Neuropathy: signs, screening and what to doEthambutol Optic Neuropathy Infantile Nystagmus: five early-onset types and how to tell them apartInfantile Nystagmus Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: line drawing of the retina with the papillomacular bundle highlightedLeber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) NMOSD vs MOGAD Optic Neuritis: line drawing of both eyes, the optic chiasm and the spinal cord with a long lesionNMOSD vs MOGAD Optic Neuritis NAION vs Arteritic AION: line drawing of a swollen optic nerve head with its upper half highlightedNAION vs Arteritic AION Internuclear ophthalmoplegia and one-and-a-half syndrome: the horizontal gaze pathway seen from aboveInternuclear Ophthalmoplegia and One-and-a-Half Syndrome Reading anisocoria: which pupil is abnormal, and what to do next. A line drawing of two eyes, one with a small pupil and one with a larger pupil, each with a yellow measuring bracket, with icons for light versus dark, ptosis and an eye dropAnisocoria Optic neuritis: AQP4, MOG and what the ONTT really showed. A line drawing of an eyeball with the optic nerve behind it highlighted in yellow, with icons for pain on eye movement, a swollen optic disc and an antibodyOptic Neuritis Intorsion vs extorsion: which muscles roll the eye, and how to see torsion. A line drawing of an eyeball rolling around its visual axis, with icons for the 12 o'clock mark, the fundus and the double Maddox rodIntorsion vs Extorsion Bielschowsky head tilt test: the eyes counter-roll when the head tilts, and in superior oblique palsy the affected eye goes upBielschowsky Head Tilt Test Eye movement chart: extraocular muscle actions by gaze. Line drawings of both eyes in the nine positions of gaze, with arrows showing each directionEye Movement Chart

Macular Diseases

Angioid Streaks: cracks in Bruch membrane, the PXE link and MNVAngioid Streaks Geographic Atrophy on OCT: color fundus photo with geographic atrophy at the maculaGeographic Atrophy on OCT PCV vs RAP vs Typical AMD: reading FA and ICGA as a setPCV vs Type 3 MNV (RAP) vs Typical AMD Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy: fundus photograph with many small yellow deposits over the posterior poleAutosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy (ARB) Acquired vitelliform lesion: fundus photograph with a small yellow deposit at the foveaAcquired Vitelliform Lesion (AVL) Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy: a fundus photograph with a round, sharply demarcated patch of macular atrophyCentral Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy (CACD) Macular telangiectasia type 2: fundus photograph with a grayish area temporal to the fovea and an OCT with an inner retinal cavityMacular Telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel) Occult macular dystrophy: a normal fundus with a multifocal ERG that is flat in the centerOccult Macular Dystrophy (Miyake Disease) Best disease thumbnail: color fundus photograph with a round yellow egg-yolk lesion at the macula and an autofluorescence image in which the lesion is brightBest Disease Stargardt Disease: Flecks, FAF and Dark Choroid. Illustrated fundus with macular atrophy and yellow flecks, and an autofluorescence insetStargardt Disease Drusen subtypes: how to tell them apart on OCT and FA. Four fundus images with matching OCT sections, and icons for position, OCT, FA and patternDrusen Subtypes

Uveitis

VKH disease thumbnail: a fundus photograph with serous retinal detachments and a swollen disc, and a fluorescein angiogram with pooled dyeVogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) Disease White dot syndromes: telling them apart on fluorescein angiography. A fundus photograph with scattered white dots, and icons for laterality, early FA, late FA and a checklistWhite Dot Syndromes

Corneal and Conjunctival Diseases

Line illustration of an eye with a corneal ulcer linked to four magnified circles showing bacteria, fungal hyphae, a herpes simplex dendrite and Acanthamoeba cystsInfectious Keratitis Bacterial, viral or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apartBacterial, Viral or Allergic Conjunctivitis? How to Tell Them Apart Peripheral Corneal Thinning: an eye with an inferior crescent of corneal thinning and a slit-beam insetPeripheral Corneal Thinning Corneal dystrophies: tell them apart by layer. A slit-lamp style photograph of granular corneal dystrophy with a magnified inset, and icons for depth, shape and two questionsCorneal Dystrophies

Cataract & Lens

Line drawing of an eye during cataract surgery: a teardrop pupil pulled toward the incision, with the iris prolapsing beside the phaco tip.Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome

Retinal Diseases

PEHCR or Melanoma? Thumbnail with a color fundus photograph of a left eye showing a dark red raised hemorrhagic lesion in the temporal periphery.Peripheral Exudative Hemorrhagic Chorioretinopathy (PEHCR) Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy screening thumbnail with a fundus autofluorescence image showing a faint bright ring around the fovea.Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Screening Inherited Retinal Diseases: a pattern guide to the fundus and the ERGInherited Retinal Diseases Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: fundus with scalloped peripheral atrophy, high ornithine and a low-arginine dietGyrate Atrophy of the Choroid and Retina Retinitis Pigmentosa: Fundus, FAF and ERGRetinitis Pigmentosa Oguchi Disease: The Golden Fundus. A golden fundus next to the same eye with a normal color after dark adaptation.Oguchi Disease Eales Disease thumbnail: a line drawing of a peripheral retinal vein with white sheathing along its walls, branches ending at a nonperfused borderEales Disease Choroideremia: Fundus, OCT and ERGChoroideremia Achromatopsia: a normal fundus shown half in color and half in grayscale, with a rod ERG wave and a flat cone ERGAchromatopsia Cone dystrophy: fundus autofluorescence with a bull's eye pattern and a flat 30 Hz flicker ERGCone Dystrophy Enhanced S-cone syndrome: fundus with a mid-peripheral band of small pigment clumps and a slow, rounded ERGEnhanced S-Cone Syndrome CSNB: complete vs incomplete. A normal fundus photograph with an inset of an electronegative ERG traceCongenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) X-linked retinoschisis: OCT with schisis cavities inside the retina and a spoke-wheel foveaX-Linked Retinoschisis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR): fundus with an avascular temporal periphery and a diagram of pseudoexotropiaFamilial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) Thumbnail: infant fundus with dilated tortuous vessels and a stage 3 ridge, with a zone diagram, for Retinopathy of Prematurity: Zones, Stages and Plus DiseaseRetinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) Thumbnail for Coats Disease: Fundus, FA and Treatment, with an illustrated fundus showing macular exudate and peripheral telangiectatic vesselsCoats Disease Bietti crystalline dystrophy: fundus with fine glittering crystals over the posterior pole and a near-infrared insetBietti Crystalline Dystrophy Fundus albipunctatus vs retinitis punctata albescens: a fundus with uniform white dots sparing the maculaFundus Albipunctatus vs Retinitis Punctata Albescens

Congenital Diseases

Leber Congenital Amaurosis: a near-normal fundus, a flat ERG and gene therapyLeber Congenital Amaurosis Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome thumbnail: a hand-drawn cross section of the angle in Axenfeld anomaly, with the Schwalbe line moved forward and an iris strand attachedAxenfeld-Rieger Syndrome Thumbnail: an eye with a dense white opacity in the center of the cornea, next to the title Peters Anomaly, Type I vs Type II.Peters Anomaly